Bytes & B-Tree's
System Design RoadmapBytes & B-trees is a weekly newsletter for software engineers who want to understand databases from first principles — storage physics to distributed consensus. One production concept per issue, with working SQL scripts and demos in the GitHub vault.
| Platform |  | Pricing | Freemium | Publishes | Weekly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Issues | 26 | Founded | 5 months ago | Last Issue | 5 days ago |
| Active | |||||
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bytesbtrees.substack.comLatest Issues
issue-21: Hash Indexes — When and Why Postgres Uses Them
Hash indexes win on one thing and lose on everything else.
Hash indexes win on one thing and lose on everything else. Understanding when Postgres should use USING hash instead of a B-tree — and when it must not — explains why an equality l...
Issue-20:Index-only scans, covering indexes & fill_factor
Three distinct ways Postgres uses a B-tree index — and one of them never touches the heap.
Three distinct ways Postgres uses a B-tree index — and one of them never touches the heap. Understanding the difference between an index scan, a bit...
Issue-019: B+ trees — the leaf-linked difference
Postgres does not use a B-tree.
Postgres does not use a B-tree. It uses a B+ tree — a specific variant where data lives only in leaf pages, and those leaf pages are linked in key order. The difference explains why range scans are fast, why...
Issue-018: B-trees — the balanced tree on disk
Every Postgres table has at least one B-tree index — the primary key.
Every Postgres table has at least one B-tree index — the primary key. Understanding the physical layout of that tree — pages, keys, pointers, splits — explains every ind...
Issue- 017: Row vs columnar storage — when each wins
Postgres stores your data row-by-row.
Postgres stores your data row-by-row. DuckDB, Redshift, and ClickHouse store it column-by-column. Same data, fundamentally different I/O cost for different query types. This is the single most conseque...
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