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Data Gravity

Chris Zeoli

Quantitative analysis of the infrastructure, data, and security systems powering AI—written for the founders and operators building them and the investors funding them.

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Substack
PricingOnly free issuesPublishesWeekly
Issues68Founded3 years agoLast Issue13 days ago
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Latest Issues

The Memory Triopoly

We’ve been talking a lot about memory lately — from KV Cache dynamics across prefill and decode to memory itself as the structural bottleneck in AI compute. The constraint is no longer raw FLOPS. It is the ability to move bytes in and out o...

13 days ago
26

The Chip Testing Bottleneck

The economics of testing a leading-edge AI accelerator look almost nothing like testing a mobile SoC. A typical 5nm-class smartphone SoC clears the tester in roughly 30–60 seconds. A Blackwell-class AI accelerator with two reticle-limited d...

18 days ago
14

Why KV Cache and Memory Drive AI Economics

When OpenAI cut input token prices last year, the press called it a price war. It wasn’t. It was an architectural pass-through. Anthropic, Google, and DeepSeek had all just shipped the same set of software optimizations—clever new ways to c...

22 days ago
24
1

The Inference Unbundling: Why Prefill and Decode Are Splitting the GPU

Inference is not one workload. It is two — prefill and decode — and they want different silicon. The market is splitting accordingly. Nvidia bought Groq for $20B. Cerebras partnered with AWS Trainium. Both pair a compute engine with a memor...

a month ago
24

The Next Verifiable RL Domain Is Security

Reinforcement learning produces superhuman agents wherever the reward signal is cheap, fast, and verifiable. Coding and math fell first: SWE-bench scores moved from single digits in 2023 to 60%+ in 2025; AIME accuracy went from ~15% to 95%+...

a month ago
15
2

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  • Chris Zeoli

    Partner @ Wing investing in AI infrastructure, data and cybersecurity.

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